影像引导活检筛选新辅助治疗敏感者以免除其手术的临床可行性试验
编译:苏永辉 述评 :杨犇龙 、吴炅
在有效的系统治疗保障下,乳腺癌的外科降阶梯治疗已经为临床实践所接受,包括保乳手术、前哨淋巴结活检;临床阴性、前哨淋巴结转移负荷较低的保乳患者,可以免于腋窝淋巴结清扫;在初试腋窝淋巴结阳性,经过新辅助治疗后,临床评估阴性的患者中,临床研究证实,审慎开展前哨淋巴结活检替代腋窝清扫手术,也能够较为准确地评估腋窝状态。
新辅助治疗能够评估乳腺癌的药物敏感性,大约30%的三阴性和50%的HER2阳性乳腺癌,经过标准方案的新辅助治疗后可以达到病理完全缓解(pCR)。这部分对新辅助治疗特别敏感的患者,可能是免除乳腺癌手术的最佳候选者。术前准确地鉴别原发灶无浸润性癌和原位癌残留,是安全地开展免除手术相关临床试验的前提。然而,既往研究表明,单纯通过体检或影像评估新辅助治疗后是否获得pCR,其准确性和特异性较差。
为了明确影像引导下细针穿刺活检(FNA)和真空辅助空芯针穿刺活检(VACB)在评估新辅助治疗后乳房有无肿瘤残留的可行性,美国MD Anderson癌症中心Kuerer等开展了一项前瞻性临床试验。该试验入组了40例T1-3N0-3M0并拟接受新辅助治疗的三阴性或HER2阳性乳腺癌患者。所有患者在新辅助治疗前均植入环状钛夹以标记瘤床。完成新辅助治疗后,通过乳腺超声或钼靶引导进行FNA和VACB,活检取出环状钛夹并放入新的棒状钛夹。最后,手术切除棒状钛夹标记的瘤床。通过比较穿刺标本与手术切除标本的病理结果,评估活检在预测新辅助治疗后有无肿瘤残余的准确性。
结果,40例病人中,26例为三阴性乳腺癌,14例为HER2阳性乳腺癌。中位初始临床肿瘤大小为3.3cm(范围1.2-7.0cm)。16例(40%)新辅助治疗前穿刺活检证实腋窝淋巴结转移。经标准方案的新辅助治疗后,中位临床肿瘤大小为1.1厘米(范围,0-4.2厘米),其中19例患者(47.5%)获得乳房pCR,即无浸润性癌或原位癌残留。39例患者(97.5%)具有一致的乳房和淋巴结病理状态。另外1例患者虽获得乳房pCR,但最终的腋窝病理评估发现一枚伴有微转移灶(1mm)的阳性淋巴结。该试验,FNA共抽吸2次,VACB 中位穿刺组织12条(范围4-14条)。联合FNA/VACB预测残余乳腺癌的准确性为98%(95%CI,87%-100%),假阴性率为5%(95%CI,0%-24%),阴性预测值为95%(95% %CI,75%-100%)。2例VACB假阴性的患者仅穿刺4条和6条组织。单独使用VACB(95%)准确性显著优于单独使用FNA(73%)(P=0.011)。
因此,新辅助治疗后,影像引导的FNA/VACB可准确鉴别获得乳房pCR的患者。根据这些结果,MD Anderson启动了一项旨在免除新辅助治疗获得pCR患者手术的前瞻性临床试验(NCT02945579)。该试验拟招募50例接受新辅助治疗,T1-2N0-1M0,三阴性或HER2阳性乳腺癌患者。通过影像引导的VACB,筛选新辅助治疗后获得乳房pCR的患者,比较这部分患者在接受全乳放疗(免除手术)和规范手术治疗两组之间预后的差异。
述 评
乳腺癌外科治疗领域的“降阶梯”观念已经深入人心,从保乳手术到前哨淋巴结活检,经过积极的全身治疗使患者在形体和功能上的缺损降到最低亦成为临床指南和实践的原则。在这个前提下,新辅助治疗的目的从使患者降期有手术指征进一步扩展为使部分患者通过术前积极的全身治疗让乳腺癌手术“降阶梯”,不能保乳转化为保乳,腋窝阳性患者得以通过前哨淋巴结活检保留腋窝,从而减少手术的创伤。本研究进一步提出,对新辅助化疗特别敏感的患者,可以通过充分的影像学引导下的多点空芯针活检免除手术治疗。研究发现新辅助治疗后,影像引导的FNA/VACB可准确鉴别获得乳房pCR的患者,基于此结果设计了一项旨在免除新辅助治疗获得pCR患者手术的前瞻性临床试验。
需要注意的是,本研究仅为一个小样本的研究,外科手术依然是评估新辅助治疗后能否获得pCR的金标准,早期的回顾性研究提示获得pCR后的外科局部治疗依然有一定价值,对于特定分子分型患者能否豁免外科治疗需要更大样本及更深入的研究,相关问题尚处于早期的探索阶段。
Ann Surg. 2018 May;267(5):946-951.
A Clinical Feasibility Trial for Identification of Exceptional Responders in Whom Breast Cancer Surgery Can Be Eliminated Following Neoadjuvant Systemic Therapy.
Kuerer HM, Rauch GM, Krishnamurthy S, Adrada BE, Caudle AS, DeSnyder SM, Black DM, Santiago L, Hobbs BP, Lucci A Jr, Gilcrease M, Hwang RF, Candelaria RP, Chavez-MacGregor M, Smith BD, Arribas E, Moseley T, Teshome M, Miggins MV, Valero V, Hunt KK, Yang WT.
Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Health Services Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
Objective
To determine the accuracy of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and vacuum-assisted core biopsy (VACB) in assessing the presence of residual cancer in the breast after neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NST).Summary Background Data: Pathologic complete response (pCR) rates after NST have improved dramatically, suggesting that surgery might be avoided in some patients. Safe avoidance of surgery would require accurate confirmation of no residual invasive/in situ carcinoma.
Methods
Forty patients with T1-3N0-3 triple-negative or HER2-positive cancer receiving NST were enrolled in this single-center prospective trial. Patients underwent ultrasound-guided or mammography-guided FNA and VACB of the initial breast tumor region before surgery. Findings were compared with findings on pathologic evaluation of surgical specimens to determine the performance of biopsy in predicting residual breast disease after NST.
Results
Median initial clinical tumor size was 3.3cm (range, 1.2–7.0cm); 16 patients (40%) had biopsy-proven nodal metastases. After NST, median clinical tumor size was 1.1 cm (range, 0 – 4.2 cm). Nineteen patients (47.5%) had a breast pCR and were concordant with pathologic nodal status in 97.5%. Combined FNA/VACB demonstrated an accuracy of 98% (95% CI, 87%– 100%), false-negative rate of 5% (95% CI, 0%–24%), and negative predictive value of 95% (95% CI, 75%–100%) in predicting residual breast cancer. VACB alone was more accurate than FNA alone (P 1⁄4 0.011).
Conclusions
After NST, image-guided FNA/VACB can accurately identify patients with a breast pCR. Based on these results, a prospective clinical trial has commenced in which breast surgery is omitted in patients with a breast pCR after NST according to image-guided biopsy.
DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002313.